Tuesday, April 14, 2026 - In a controversial ruling on March 25, 2026, a court in Pakistan upheld the validity of the marriage of a 13-year-old Christian girl who was kidnapped by a Muslim man who then married her and forcefully converted her to Islam.
Christian rights advocates and civil society groups strongly
condemned the verdict by the Federal Constitutional Court (FCC), which granted
custody of young Maria Shahbaz to Shehryar Ahmad, a 30-year-old Muslim alleged
to have forcibly converted and married her.
Maria was abducted on July 29, 2025, and since then, her
family has repeatedly sought judicial intervention to recover her, without
success.
In a detailed judgment issued on March 25 – nearly two
months after its short order on Feb. 3 – a two-judge bench comprising
Justice Syed Hasan Azhar Rizvi and Justice Muhammad Karim Khan Agha ruled that
Maria was of “mature age” and therefore in the lawful custody of her
“husband.”
The court held that sharia law permits Muslim men
to marry women from Ahl al-Kitab (People of the Book), and found that Maria’s
conversion to Islam was valid. It stated that no formal rituals are required
for conversion beyond a declaration of faith, accepting an affidavit attached
to the alleged fake marriage certificate and a Islamic seminary-issued
certificate as sufficient proof.
“In Islam, no specific rituals are required for a non-Muslim
to be regarded as having embraced the faith,” the judgment stated, adding that
a declaration affirming core beliefs is sufficient to establish
conversion.
“What is required is a declaration and recitation of
the Kalima, with belief in the Oneness of Allah, the Finality of the
Prophethood of the Holy Prophet Muhammad, and the Holy Quran, as well as belief
in earlier Prophets, Divine Scriptures, and the Day of Judgment,” the court
ruled.
Addressing assertions by Maria’s father, Shahbaz Masih, that
she was a 12-year-old minor at the time of the illegal marriage, the court
dismissed documentary evidence of her age as “unreliable.” The judges cited
inconsistencies in the father’s initial police report and delays in the
issuance of official records, including her birth registration and National
Database and Registration Authority (NADRA) documents.
Maria Shahbaz’s parents with rights activist Safdar Chaudhry
and lawyer Rana Abdul Hameed (R) after federal court ruling
The ruling also pointed to discrepancies in family records,
including a narrow gap between the reported birth dates of Maria and her
younger sibling. It further noted that Maria herself had listed her date of
birth as Feb. 1, 2007, in the marriage certificate and appeared older in
court.
“Her physical appearance before the court also suggests a
more advanced age,” the judgment stated, concluding that the available
documents could not be relied upon to establish that she was a minor.
The controversial judgment drew sharp criticism from rights
groups and activists, who argue that the court disregarded key evidence and
prior findings indicating that the marriage was unlawful.
Safdar Chaudhry, whose Raah-e-Nijaat Ministry provided legal
assistance to the Masih family, said the court had ignored critical
investigative material.
“The judges overlooked the police’s reinvestigation report,
the reinstated FIR [First Information Report], and testimony from the
investigating officer indicating that an illegal marriage had been contracted
with a minor, with no official record at the relevant union council,” Chaudhry
told Christian Daily International-Morning Star News. “They also failed to
consider that the girl remained in the custody of the accused for over six
months, raising serious concerns about coercion.”
The rights defender also questioned the two-month delay in
issuing the detailed judgment, calling it a “travesty of justice,” and said the
family would challenge the ruling before a larger bench.
“If superior courts refuse to recognize official birth documents, there is
little hope for protecting underage minority girls,” Chaudhry said.
Tehmina Arora, director of advocacy for Asia at ADF International,
described the verdict as “deeply alarming” for Pakistan’s religious minorities,
particularly Christian and Hindu minority communities.
“The court cannot attribute legal capacity or consent to a minor based
solely on her statement while ignoring documentary evidence,” she said. “In
such cases, claims of consent are often made under coercion, particularly where
vulnerable minority girls face systemic pressure and intimidation.”
Human rights advocates say the case reflects a broader and recurring pattern in
Pakistan, where minority girls – some reportedly as young as 10 – are abducted,
forcibly converted and married to Muslim men. Victims are frequently pressured
to give statements in favor of their alleged abductors, while courts often
discount official age documents and validate such unions, returning girls to
their alleged captors as “legal wives.”
In a strongly-worded statement, the Minority Rights March (MRM) said it was
“appalled” by the FCC’s ruling.
“The court not only refused to restore custody of the victim to her father
but effectively legitimized her continued cohabitation with her abductor under
the guise of a ‘Nikah,’ [Islamic marriage certificate]” the statement said.
“While child marriage is recognized as a crime, declaring the marriage itself
valid is self-contradictory and undermines the very purpose of child marriage
restraint laws.”
The group also criticized the court for endorsing a coerced religious
conversion.
“It is alarming that the highest judicial forum has delivered a verdict that
risks emboldening those who abduct and abuse minor girls from minority
communities under the cover of marriage,” the statement said, warning that the
ruling could weaken constitutional protections for religious minorities.
MRM urged the Attorney General of Pakistan to seek a review of the
judgment and called on lawmakers to strengthen child marriage laws, including
provisions that would render such marriages void from the outset.
It also called on prosecutors to pursue criminal proceedings under
existing laws and to recover Maria from the custody of the accused.
“This verdict has neither resolved the question of the victim’s age nor
addressed the underlying criminal allegations,” the statement said. “The state
must act to ensure justice is not denied.”
Pakistan, where more than 96 percent of the population is Muslim, ranked
eighth on Open Doors’ 2026 World Watch List of countries where Christians face
the most severe persecution.
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